Search results for query: Nowak

1. The Joint Effect of Stakeholder and Incentive on the Acceptance of Budgetary Slack. Observed Differences in Hierarchy of Needs Indicated by Polish Management Accountants
   

   Author: Marta Nowak, Ewa Maruszewska

   See Issue Contents: fins.2022.1

   Abstract:

   This research aims to investigate the joint effect of incentive and stakeholder type on the acceptance of the budgetary slack and examine the changes in rankings of five needs described in Maslow's pyramid concerning the acceptance of budgetary slack. Using experiment procedure among Polish management accounting practitioners, we document that motivational incentive and type of stakeholder interacted to affect the acceptance of budgetary slack. Specifically, management accountants experiencing non-monetary incentives and standing in a situation where internal stakeholders’ expectations can be met with budgetary slack showed the highest acceptance of budgetary slack as professional behaviour. With regards to Maslow's pyramid, we found that respondents not accepting budgetary slack as professional behavior ranked higher the needs that are on the top of Maslow’s pyramid. Contrary, those accepting budgetary slack were more often choosing safety needs suggesting that striving to keep a job is a significant decision-making determinant. The most important conclusion from this study indicates the threat of overstated or understated revenues and costs in budgetary planning due to self-interest and a desire to meet stakeholders' expectations. This finding, together with rankings of Maslow's needs, show a necessity for further research in order to deepen our knowledge in the field of ethical managerial decision-making.

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2. Auditing of company financial standing using aggregate measure
   

   Author: Robert Kowalak

   See Issue Contents: fins.2020.1

   Abstract:

   A model of evaluation of company financial standing is presented in the article, based on the concept of aggregate synthetic measure. By calculating threshold values for the aggregate measure, statutory auditors gain a valuable tool to help determine the potential breach of company financial sustainability as well as evaluate company financial standing relative to other reporting periods. The main purpose of the author was to present a new conception of analysis company financial standing based on matrix measure. Theoretical and empirical methods are used in the paper. The theoretical part describes own model based on matrix measure. The empirical part shows the use of the model to analyze the financial condition of a stock exchange enterprise. Research methods concentrated on data and information collected from one company (case study), induction, deduction and literature analysis

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3. The Customer as an Accounting Entity
   

   Author: Magdalena Bochenek

   See Issue Contents: fins.2022.1

   Abstract:

   The aim of the article is to present the customer as an accounting entity. The article presents the growing role of the customer in enterprise management. Businesses are increasingly customer-oriented. This also results in a customer orientation of management accounting methods. Management accounting methods can be used to measure customer costs and customer value. The results of research on customer orientation of enterprises are presented. The research was conducted among enterprises based in the Podkarpackie Province with more than 49 employees. The results of the research confirmed that the employees of the enterprises consider the customer to be important for them. Respondents identified customers as the people thanks to whom they generate the most revenue. In contrast, a relatively small number of respondents identified customers as the people through whom the enterprise incurs costs and achieves economic success. Most entrepreneurs perceive customers only from the revenue side. The research methods used in the article are a critical analysis of the literature and a quantitative method, which consisted of direct research using the questionnaire technique.

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4. Fiscal Policy of Germany and France. Since Euro Creation Up to Pandemic
   

   Author: Piotr Ptak

   See Issue Contents: fins.2022.2

   Abstract:

   The aim of this article is to demonstrate the development of general government debt and general government balance in two Eurozone countries: Germany and France in order to investigate the extent of fulfilment of the convergence criteria. The article is divided into two periods: from the creation of the Euro currency to the period before the global financial crisis and after it to the time of the pandemic. France and Germany notoriously violated the rules of the Stability and Growth Pact. The beginning of the crisis was a sharp rise in the deficit and debt-to-GDP ratio to over 80% in both countries followed by a fiscal consolidation period. As a result, Germany managed to reduce its debt to 60% of GDP, in line with the SGP requirements, while in France this indi-cator achieved the level close to 100% in 2019. The methodology adopted by the author is based on an analytical approach and a literature review of the subject (see Escolano, 2010). Based on this methodology, the debt sustainability analysis of the general government sector was carried out. The analysis illustrates the changes to be implemented to the primary balance to allow both countries to grow out of debt. According to the author, France should have car-ried out the necessary structural reforms, but above all, reduce the ratio of pub-lic expenditure and revenues to GDP, which is the highest in Europe. Other-wise, if interest rates of ECB continue to rise, France may face a critical situation.

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5. Internal Audit in the Territorial Self-Government Units in the Light of Changes
   

   Author: Dominika Kołodziej

   See Issue Contents: fins.2022.2

   Abstract:

   The purpose of this article is the description and justification of the direction of changes which inevitably await the area of the functioning of the internal audit within the territorial self-government units in Poland in the context of the draft bill amending the public finance act and certain other acts. The analysis has been preceded by the review of the evolution of the functioning and the definition of the internal audit within the territorial self-government units in Poland over the last twenty years. Next, the focus shifts to the transformations in the functioning of the internal audit within the territorial self-government units and the challenges overcome by the internal auditors in relation to the changes caused by the Sars-Cov2 pandemic. The sources and causes of the planned legislative changes in the act on public finance concerning the internal audit in the sector of public finance in Poland are presented with a special emphasis on the territorial self-government units. The conducted research is based on the study of literature on public finance, internal audit, and managerial control. A detailed analysis and interpretation of legal acts in force in the researched area was done, particularly including the draft bill amending the public finance act and certain other acts (no UD327 in the list of legislative and programme works of the Council of Ministers as of 1st March 2022) to justify the direction of the changes. Materials from the governmental websites including proposals of new regulations in the act on public finance as well as the assessment of the possible consequences of the presented changes were also used.

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